fs: add support for non-threadpool executors (#1495)

Provides a thread pool dedicated to running blocking operations (#588)
and update `tokio-fs` to use this pool.

In an effort to make incremental progress, this is an initial step
towards a final solution. First, it provides a very basic pool
implementation with the intend that the pool will be
replaced before the final release. Second, it updates `tokio-fs` to
always use this blocking pool instead of conditionally using
`threadpool::blocking`. Issue #588 contains additional discussion around
potential improvements to the "blocking for all" strategy.

The implementation provided here builds on work started in #954 and
continued in #1045. The general idea is th same as #1045, but the PR
improves on some of the details:

* The number of explicit operations tracked by `File` is reduced only to
  the ones that could interact. All other ops are spawned on the
  blocking pool without being tracked by the `File` instance.

* The `seek` implementation is not backed by a trait and `poll_seek`
  function. This avoids the question of how to model non-blocking seeks
  on top of a blocking file. In this patch, `seek` is represented as an
  `async fn`. If the associated future is dropped before the caller
  observes the return value, we make no effort to define the state in
  which the file ends up.

tokio-fs/tests/file.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,54 @@
 #![warn(rust_2018_idioms)]
 
+use tokio::fs::File;
+use tokio::prelude::*;
+
+use std::io::prelude::*;
+use tempfile::NamedTempFile;
+
+/*
 use rand::{distributions, thread_rng, Rng};
 use std::fs;
 use std::io::SeekFrom;
 use tempfile::Builder as TmpBuilder;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
 use tokio_fs::*;
+*/
 
+const HELLO: &[u8] = b"hello world...";
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn basic_read() {
+    let mut tempfile = tempfile();
+    tempfile.write_all(HELLO).unwrap();
+
+    let mut file = File::open(tempfile.path()).await.unwrap();
+
+    let mut buf = [0; 1024];
+    let n = file.read(&mut buf).await.unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(n, HELLO.len());
+    assert_eq!(&buf[..n], HELLO);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn basic_write() {
+    let tempfile = tempfile();
+
+    let mut file = File::create(tempfile.path()).await.unwrap();
+
+    file.write_all(HELLO).await.unwrap();
+    file.flush().await.unwrap();
+
+    let file = std::fs::read(tempfile.path()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(file, HELLO);
+}
+
+fn tempfile() -> NamedTempFile {
+    NamedTempFile::new().unwrap()
+}
+
+/*
 mod pool;
 
 #[test]
@@ -154,3 +196,4 @@ fn clone() {
 
     assert_eq!(dst, b"clone successful")
 }
+*/