# Struct bytes::Bytes

source ·

    pub struct Bytes { /* private fields */ }

Expand description

A cheaply cloneable and sliceable chunk of contiguous memory.

`Bytes` is an efficient container for storing and operating on contiguous slices of memory. It is intended for use primarily in networking code, but could have applications elsewhere as well.

`Bytes` values facilitate zero-copy network programming by allowing multiple `Bytes` objects to point to the same underlying memory.

`Bytes` does not have a single implementation. It is an interface, whose exact behavior is implemented through dynamic dispatch in several underlying implementations of `Bytes`.

All `Bytes` implementations must fulfill the following requirements:

- They are cheaply cloneable and thereby shareable between an unlimited amount of components, for example by modifying a reference count.
- Instances can be sliced to refer to a subset of the original buffer.

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let mut mem = Bytes::from("Hello world");
    let a = mem.slice(0..5);

    assert_eq!(a, "Hello");

    let b = mem.split_to(6);

    assert_eq!(mem, "world");
    assert_eq!(b, "Hello ");

## §Memory layout

The `Bytes` struct itself is fairly small, limited to 4 `usize` fields used to track information about which segment of the underlying memory the `Bytes` handle has access to.

`Bytes` keeps both a pointer to the shared state containing the full memory slice and a pointer to the start of the region visible by the handle. `Bytes` also tracks the length of its view into the memory.

## §Sharing

`Bytes` contains a vtable, which allows implementations of `Bytes` to define how sharing/cloning is implemented in detail. When `Bytes::clone()` is called, `Bytes` will call the vtable function for cloning the backing storage in order to share it behind multiple `Bytes` instances.

For `Bytes` implementations which refer to constant memory (e.g. created via `Bytes::from_static()`) the cloning implementation will be a no-op.

For `Bytes` implementations which point to a reference counted shared storage (e.g. an `Arc<[u8]>`), sharing will be implemented by increasing the reference count.

Due to this mechanism, multiple `Bytes` instances may point to the same shared memory region. Each `Bytes` instance can point to different sections within that memory region, and `Bytes` instances may or may not have overlapping views into the memory.

The following diagram visualizes a scenario where 2 `Bytes` instances make use of an `Arc`-based backing storage, and provide access to different views:

       Arc ptrs                   ┌─────────┐
       ________________________ / │ Bytes 2 │
      /                           └─────────┘
     /          ┌───────────┐     |         |
    |_________/ │  Bytes 1  │     |         |
    |           └───────────┘     |         |
    |           |           | ___/ data     | tail
    |      data |      tail |/              |
    v           v           v               v
    ┌─────┬─────┬───────────┬───────────────┬─────┐
    │ Arc │     │           │               │     │
    └─────┴─────┴───────────┴───────────────┴─────┘

## Implementations§

source §

### impl Bytes

source

#### pub const fn new() -> Self

Creates a new empty `Bytes`.

This will not allocate and the returned `Bytes` handle will be empty.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let b = Bytes::new();
    assert_eq!(&b[..], b"");

source

#### pub const fn from_static(bytes: &'static [u8]) -> Self

Creates a new `Bytes` from a static slice.

The returned `Bytes` will point directly to the static slice. There is no allocating or copying.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let b = Bytes::from_static(b"hello");
    assert_eq!(&b[..], b"hello");

source

#### pub fn from_owner<T>(owner: T) -> Self
where T: AsRef<[u8]> + Send + 'static,

Create Bytes with a buffer whose lifetime is controlled via an explicit owner.

A common use case is to zero-copy construct from mapped memory.

    use bytes::Bytes;
    use memmap2::Mmap;

    let file = File::open("upload_bundle.tar.gz")?;
    let mmap = unsafe { Mmap::map(&file) }?;
    let b = Bytes::from_owner(mmap);

The `owner` will be transferred to the constructed Bytes object, which will ensure it is dropped once all remaining clones of the constructed object are dropped. The owner will then be responsible for dropping the specified region of memory as part of its Drop implementation.

Note that converting Bytes constructed from an owner into a BytesMut will always create a deep copy of the buffer into newly allocated memory.

source

#### pub const fn len(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of bytes contained in this `Bytes`.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let b = Bytes::from(&b"hello"[..]);
    assert_eq!(b.len(), 5);

source

#### pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns true if the `Bytes` has a length of 0.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let b = Bytes::new();
    assert!(b.is_empty());

source

#### pub fn is_unique(&self) -> bool

Returns true if this is the only reference to the data and `Into<BytesMut>` would avoid cloning the underlying buffer.

Always returns false if the data is backed by a static slice, or an owner.

The result of this method may be invalidated immediately if another thread clones this value while this is being called. Ensure you have unique access to this value (`&mut Bytes`) first if you need to be certain the result is valid (i.e. for safety reasons).

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let a = Bytes::from(vec![1, 2, 3]);
    assert!(a.is_unique());
    let b = a.clone();
    assert!(!a.is_unique());

source

#### pub fn copy_from_slice(data: &[u8]) -> Self

Creates `Bytes` instance from slice, by copying it.

source

#### pub fn slice(&self, range: impl RangeBounds<usize>) -> Self

Returns a slice of self for the provided range.

This will increment the reference count for the underlying memory and return a new `Bytes` handle set to the slice.

This operation is `O(1)`.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let a = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    let b = a.slice(2..5);

    assert_eq!(&b[..], b"llo");

##### §Panics

Requires that `begin <= end` and `end <= self.len()`, otherwise slicing will panic.

source

#### pub fn slice_ref(&self, subset: &[u8]) -> Self

Returns a slice of self that is equivalent to the given `subset`.

When processing a `Bytes` buffer with other tools, one often gets a `&[u8]` which is in fact a slice of the `Bytes`, i.e. a subset of it. This function turns that `&[u8]` into another `Bytes`, as if one had called `self.slice()` with the offsets that correspond to `subset`.

This operation is `O(1)`.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let bytes = Bytes::from(&b"012345678"[..]);
    let as_slice = bytes.as_ref();
    let subset = &as_slice[2..6];
    let subslice = bytes.slice_ref(&subset);
    assert_eq!(&subslice[..], b"2345");

##### §Panics

Requires that the given `sub` slice is in fact contained within the `Bytes` buffer; otherwise this function will panic.

source

#### pub fn split_off(&mut self, at: usize) -> Self

Splits the bytes into two at the given index.

Afterwards `self` contains elements `[0, at)`, and the returned `Bytes` contains elements `[at, len)`. It’s guaranteed that the memory does not move, that is, the address of `self` does not change, and the address of the returned slice is `at` bytes after that.

This is an `O(1)` operation that just increases the reference count and sets a few indices.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let mut a = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    let b = a.split_off(5);

    assert_eq!(&a[..], b"hello");
    assert_eq!(&b[..], b" world");

##### §Panics

Panics if `at > len`.

source

#### pub fn split_to(&mut self, at: usize) -> Self

Splits the bytes into two at the given index.

Afterwards `self` contains elements `[at, len)`, and the returned `Bytes` contains elements `[0, at)`.

This is an `O(1)` operation that just increases the reference count and sets a few indices.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let mut a = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    let b = a.split_to(5);

    assert_eq!(&a[..], b" world");
    assert_eq!(&b[..], b"hello");

##### §Panics

Panics if `at > len`.

source

#### pub fn truncate(&mut self, len: usize)

Shortens the buffer, keeping the first `len` bytes and dropping the rest.

If `len` is greater than the buffer’s current length, this has no effect.

The split_off method can emulate `truncate`, but this causes the excess bytes to be returned instead of dropped.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let mut buf = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    buf.truncate(5);
    assert_eq!(buf, b"hello"[..]);

source

#### pub fn clear(&mut self)

Clears the buffer, removing all data.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::Bytes;

    let mut buf = Bytes::from(&b"hello world"[..]);
    buf.clear();
    assert!(buf.is_empty());

source

#### pub fn try_into_mut(self) -> Result<BytesMut, Bytes>

Try to convert self into `BytesMut`.

If `self` is unique for the entire original buffer, this will succeed and return a `BytesMut` with the contents of `self` without copying. If `self` is not unique for the entire original buffer, this will fail and return self.

This will also always fail if the buffer was constructed via either from_owner or from_static.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};

    let bytes = Bytes::from(b"hello".to_vec());
    assert_eq!(bytes.try_into_mut(), Ok(BytesMut::from(&b"hello"[..])));

## Methods from Deref<Target = [u8]> §

source

#### pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`ascii_char`)

Views this slice of ASCII characters as a UTF-8 `str`.

source

#### pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`ascii_char`)

Views this slice of ASCII characters as a slice of `u8` bytes.

1.23.0 · source

#### pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool

Checks if all bytes in this slice are within the ASCII range.

source

#### pub fn as_ascii(&self) -> Option<&[AsciiChar]>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`ascii_char`)

If this slice `is_ascii`, returns it as a slice of ASCII characters, otherwise returns `None`.

source

#### pub unsafe fn as_ascii_unchecked(&self) -> &[AsciiChar]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`ascii_char`)

Converts this slice of bytes into a slice of ASCII characters, without checking whether they’re valid.

##### §Safety

Every byte in the slice must be in `0..=127`, or else this is UB.

1.23.0 · source

#### pub fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &[u8]) -> bool

Checks that two slices are an ASCII case-insensitive match.

Same as `to_ascii_lowercase(a) == to_ascii_lowercase(b)`, but without allocating and copying temporaries.

1.60.0 · source

#### pub fn escape_ascii(&self) -> EscapeAscii<'_>

Returns an iterator that produces an escaped version of this slice, treating it as an ASCII string.

##### §Examples

    let s = b"0\t\r\n'\"\\\x9d";
    let escaped = s.escape_ascii().to_string();
    assert_eq!(escaped, "0\\t\\r\\n\\'\\\"\\\\\\x9d");

1.80.0 · source

#### pub fn trim_ascii_start(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Returns a byte slice with leading ASCII whitespace bytes removed.

‘Whitespace’ refers to the definition used by `u8::is_ascii_whitespace`.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(b" \t hello world\n".trim_ascii_start(), b"hello world\n");
    assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii_start(), b"");
    assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii_start(), b"");

1.80.0 · source

#### pub fn trim_ascii_end(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Returns a byte slice with trailing ASCII whitespace bytes removed.

‘Whitespace’ refers to the definition used by `u8::is_ascii_whitespace`.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(b"\r hello world\n ".trim_ascii_end(), b"\r hello world");
    assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii_end(), b"");
    assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii_end(), b"");

1.80.0 · source

#### pub fn trim_ascii(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Returns a byte slice with leading and trailing ASCII whitespace bytes removed.

‘Whitespace’ refers to the definition used by `u8::is_ascii_whitespace`.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(b"\r hello world\n ".trim_ascii(), b"hello world");
    assert_eq!(b"  ".trim_ascii(), b"");
    assert_eq!(b"".trim_ascii(), b"");

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn len(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of elements in the slice.

##### §Examples

    let a = [1, 2, 3];
    assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns `true` if the slice has a length of 0.

##### §Examples

    let a = [1, 2, 3];
    assert!(!a.is_empty());

    let b: &[i32] = &[];
    assert!(b.is_empty());

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn first(&self) -> Option<&T>

Returns the first element of the slice, or `None` if it is empty.

##### §Examples

    let v = [10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(Some(&10), v.first());

    let w: &[i32] = &[];
    assert_eq!(None, w.first());

1.5.0 · source

#### pub fn split_first(&self) -> Option<(&T, &[T])>

Returns the first and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or `None` if it is empty.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[0, 1, 2];

    if let Some((first, elements)) = x.split_first() {
        assert_eq!(first, &0);
        assert_eq!(elements, &[1, 2]);
    }

1.5.0 · source

#### pub fn split_last(&self) -> Option<(&T, &[T])>

Returns the last and all the rest of the elements of the slice, or `None` if it is empty.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[0, 1, 2];

    if let Some((last, elements)) = x.split_last() {
        assert_eq!(last, &2);
        assert_eq!(elements, &[0, 1]);
    }

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn last(&self) -> Option<&T>

Returns the last element of the slice, or `None` if it is empty.

##### §Examples

    let v = [10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(Some(&30), v.last());

    let w: &[i32] = &[];
    assert_eq!(None, w.last());

1.77.0 · source

#### pub fn first_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<&[T; N]>

Returns an array reference to the first `N` items in the slice.

If the slice is not at least `N` in length, this will return `None`.

##### §Examples

    let u = [10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(Some(&[10, 40]), u.first_chunk::<2>());

    let v: &[i32] = &[10];
    assert_eq!(None, v.first_chunk::<2>());

    let w: &[i32] = &[];
    assert_eq!(Some(&[]), w.first_chunk::<0>());

1.77.0 · source

#### pub fn split_first_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<(&[T; N], &[T])>

Returns an array reference to the first `N` items in the slice and the remaining slice.

If the slice is not at least `N` in length, this will return `None`.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[0, 1, 2];

    if let Some((first, elements)) = x.split_first_chunk::<2>() {
        assert_eq!(first, &[0, 1]);
        assert_eq!(elements, &[2]);
    }

    assert_eq!(None, x.split_first_chunk::<4>());

1.77.0 · source

#### pub fn split_last_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<(&[T], &[T; N])>

Returns an array reference to the last `N` items in the slice and the remaining slice.

If the slice is not at least `N` in length, this will return `None`.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[0, 1, 2];

    if let Some((elements, last)) = x.split_last_chunk::<2>() {
        assert_eq!(elements, &[0]);
        assert_eq!(last, &[1, 2]);
    }

    assert_eq!(None, x.split_last_chunk::<4>());

1.77.0 · source

#### pub fn last_chunk<const N: usize>(&self) -> Option<&[T; N]>

Returns an array reference to the last `N` items in the slice.

If the slice is not at least `N` in length, this will return `None`.

##### §Examples

    let u = [10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(Some(&[40, 30]), u.last_chunk::<2>());

    let v: &[i32] = &[10];
    assert_eq!(None, v.last_chunk::<2>());

    let w: &[i32] = &[];
    assert_eq!(Some(&[]), w.last_chunk::<0>());

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn get<I>(&self, index: I) -> Option<&<I as SliceIndex<[T]>>::Output>
where I: SliceIndex<[T]>,

Returns a reference to an element or subslice depending on the type of index.

- If given a position, returns a reference to the element at that position or `None` if out of bounds.
- If given a range, returns the subslice corresponding to that range, or `None` if out of bounds.

##### §Examples

    let v = [10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(Some(&40), v.get(1));
    assert_eq!(Some(&[10, 40][..]), v.get(0..2));
    assert_eq!(None, v.get(3));
    assert_eq!(None, v.get(0..4));

1.0.0 · source

#### pub unsafe fn get_unchecked<I>( &self, index: I, ) -> &<I as SliceIndex<[T]>>::Output
where I: SliceIndex<[T]>,

Returns a reference to an element or subslice, without doing bounds checking.

For a safe alternative see `get`.

##### §Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior even if the resulting reference is not used.

You can think of this like `.get(index).unwrap_unchecked()`. It’s UB to call `.get_unchecked(len)`, even if you immediately convert to a pointer. And it’s UB to call `.get_unchecked(..len + 1)`, `.get_unchecked(..=len)`, or similar.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[1, 2, 4];

    unsafe {
        assert_eq!(x.get_unchecked(1), &2);
    }

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T

Returns a raw pointer to the slice’s buffer.

The caller must ensure that the slice outlives the pointer this function returns, or else it will end up dangling.

The caller must also ensure that the memory the pointer (non-transitively) points to is never written to (except inside an `UnsafeCell`) using this pointer or any pointer derived from it. If you need to mutate the contents of the slice, use `as_mut_ptr`.

Modifying the container referenced by this slice may cause its buffer to be reallocated, which would also make any pointers to it invalid.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[1, 2, 4];
    let x_ptr = x.as_ptr();

    unsafe {
        for i in 0..x.len() {
            assert_eq!(x.get_unchecked(i), &*x_ptr.add(i));
        }
    }

1.48.0 · source

#### pub fn as_ptr_range(&self) -> Range<*const T>

Returns the two raw pointers spanning the slice.

The returned range is half-open, which means that the end pointer points one past the last element of the slice. This way, an empty slice is represented by two equal pointers, and the difference between the two pointers represents the size of the slice.

See `as_ptr` for warnings on using these pointers. The end pointer requires extra caution, as it does not point to a valid element in the slice.

This function is useful for interacting with foreign interfaces which use two pointers to refer to a range of elements in memory, as is common in C++.

It can also be useful to check if a pointer to an element refers to an element of this slice:

    let a = [1, 2, 3];
    let x = &a[1] as *const _;
    let y = &5 as *const _;

    assert!(a.as_ptr_range().contains(&x));
    assert!(!a.as_ptr_range().contains(&y));

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over the slice.

The iterator yields all items from start to end.

##### §Examples

    let x = &[1, 2, 4];
    let mut iterator = x.iter();

    assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&1));
    assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&2));
    assert_eq!(iterator.next(), Some(&4));
    assert_eq!(iterator.next(), None);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn windows(&self, size: usize) -> Windows<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over all contiguous windows of length `size`. The windows overlap. If the slice is shorter than `size`, the iterator returns no values.

##### §Panics

Panics if `size` is 0.

##### §Examples

    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let mut iter = slice.windows(3);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o', 'r']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r', 'e']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e', 'm']);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If the slice is shorter than `size`:

    let slice = ['f', 'o', 'o'];
    let mut iter = slice.windows(4);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

There’s no `windows_mut`, as that existing would let safe code violate the “only one `&mut` at a time to the same thing” rule. However, you can sometimes use `Cell::as_slice_of_cells` in conjunction with `windows` to accomplish something similar:

    use std::cell::Cell;

    let mut array = ['R', 'u', 's', 't', ' ', '2', '0', '1', '5'];
    let slice = &mut array[..];
    let slice_of_cells: &[Cell<char>] = Cell::from_mut(slice).as_slice_of_cells();
    for w in slice_of_cells.windows(3) {
        Cell::swap(&w[0], &w[2]);
    }
    assert_eq!(array, ['s', 't', ' ', '2', '0', '1', '5', 'u', 'R']);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn chunks(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> Chunks<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over `chunk_size` elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If `chunk_size` does not divide the length of the slice, then the last chunk will not have length `chunk_size`.

See `chunks_exact` for a variant of this iterator that returns chunks of always exactly `chunk_size` elements, and `rchunks` for the same iterator but starting at the end of the slice.

##### §Panics

Panics if `chunk_size` is 0.

##### §Examples

    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let mut iter = slice.chunks(2);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['m']);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

1.31.0 · source

#### pub fn chunks_exact(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> ChunksExact<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over `chunk_size` elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If `chunk_size` does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to `chunk_size-1` elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the `remainder` function of the iterator.

Due to each chunk having exactly `chunk_size` elements, the compiler can often optimize the resulting code better than in the case of `chunks`.

See `chunks` for a variant of this iterator that also returns the remainder as a smaller chunk, and `rchunks_exact` for the same iterator but starting at the end of the slice.

##### §Panics

Panics if `chunk_size` is 0.

##### §Examples

    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let mut iter = slice.chunks_exact(2);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e']);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());
    assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['m']);

source

#### pub unsafe fn as_chunks_unchecked<const N: usize>(&self) -> &[[T; N]]

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`slice_as_chunks`)

Splits the slice into a slice of `N`-element arrays, assuming that there’s no remainder.

##### §Safety

This may only be called when

- The slice splits exactly into `N`-element chunks (aka `self.len() % N == 0`).
- `N != 0`.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
    let slice: &[char] = &['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm', '!'];
    let chunks: &[[char; 1]] =
        // SAFETY: 1-element chunks never have remainder
        unsafe { slice.as_chunks_unchecked() };
    assert_eq!(chunks, &[['l'], ['o'], ['r'], ['e'], ['m'], ['!']]);
    let chunks: &[[char; 3]] =
        // SAFETY: The slice length (6) is a multiple of 3
        unsafe { slice.as_chunks_unchecked() };
    assert_eq!(chunks, &[['l', 'o', 'r'], ['e', 'm', '!']]);

    // These would be unsound:
    // let chunks: &[[_; 5]] = slice.as_chunks_unchecked() // The slice length is not a multiple of 5
    // let chunks: &[[_; 0]] = slice.as_chunks_unchecked() // Zero-length chunks are never allowed

source

#### pub fn as_chunks<const N: usize>(&self) -> (&[[T; N]], &[T])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`slice_as_chunks`)

Splits the slice into a slice of `N`-element arrays, starting at the beginning of the slice, and a remainder slice with length strictly less than `N`.

##### §Panics

Panics if `N` is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let (chunks, remainder) = slice.as_chunks();
    assert_eq!(chunks, &[['l', 'o'], ['r', 'e']]);
    assert_eq!(remainder, &['m']);

If you expect the slice to be an exact multiple, you can combine `let`-`else` with an empty slice pattern:

    #![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
    let slice = ['R', 'u', 's', 't'];
    let (chunks, []) = slice.as_chunks::<2>() else {
        panic!("slice didn't have even length")
    };
    assert_eq!(chunks, &[['R', 'u'], ['s', 't']]);

source

#### pub fn as_rchunks<const N: usize>(&self) -> (&[T], &[[T; N]])

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`slice_as_chunks`)

Splits the slice into a slice of `N`-element arrays, starting at the end of the slice, and a remainder slice with length strictly less than `N`.

##### §Panics

Panics if `N` is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(slice_as_chunks)]
    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let (remainder, chunks) = slice.as_rchunks();
    assert_eq!(remainder, &['l']);
    assert_eq!(chunks, &[['o', 'r'], ['e', 'm']]);

source

#### pub fn array_chunks<const N: usize>(&self) -> ArrayChunks<'_, T, N>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`array_chunks`)

Returns an iterator over `N` elements of the slice at a time, starting at the beginning of the slice.

The chunks are array references and do not overlap. If `N` does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to `N-1` elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the `remainder` function of the iterator.

This method is the const generic equivalent of `chunks_exact`.

##### §Panics

Panics if `N` is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(array_chunks)]
    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let mut iter = slice.array_chunks();
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l', 'o']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['r', 'e']);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());
    assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['m']);

source

#### pub fn array_windows<const N: usize>(&self) -> ArrayWindows<'_, T, N>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`array_windows`)

Returns an iterator over overlapping windows of `N` elements of a slice, starting at the beginning of the slice.

This is the const generic equivalent of `windows`.

If `N` is greater than the size of the slice, it will return no windows.

##### §Panics

Panics if `N` is 0. This check will most probably get changed to a compile time error before this method gets stabilized.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(array_windows)]
    let slice = [0, 1, 2, 3];
    let mut iter = slice.array_windows();
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[0, 1]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[1, 2]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[2, 3]);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

1.31.0 · source

#### pub fn rchunks(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> RChunks<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over `chunk_size` elements of the slice at a time, starting at the end of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If `chunk_size` does not divide the length of the slice, then the last chunk will not have length `chunk_size`.

See `rchunks_exact` for a variant of this iterator that returns chunks of always exactly `chunk_size` elements, and `chunks` for the same iterator but starting at the beginning of the slice.

##### §Panics

Panics if `chunk_size` is 0.

##### §Examples

    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let mut iter = slice.rchunks(2);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['e', 'm']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['l']);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

1.31.0 · source

#### pub fn rchunks_exact(&self, chunk_size: usize) -> RChunksExact<'_, T>

Returns an iterator over `chunk_size` elements of the slice at a time, starting at the end of the slice.

The chunks are slices and do not overlap. If `chunk_size` does not divide the length of the slice, then the last up to `chunk_size-1` elements will be omitted and can be retrieved from the `remainder` function of the iterator.

Due to each chunk having exactly `chunk_size` elements, the compiler can often optimize the resulting code better than in the case of `rchunks`.

See `rchunks` for a variant of this iterator that also returns the remainder as a smaller chunk, and `chunks_exact` for the same iterator but starting at the beginning of the slice.

##### §Panics

Panics if `chunk_size` is 0.

##### §Examples

    let slice = ['l', 'o', 'r', 'e', 'm'];
    let mut iter = slice.rchunks_exact(2);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['e', 'm']);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &['o', 'r']);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());
    assert_eq!(iter.remainder(), &['l']);

1.77.0 · source

#### pub fn chunk_by<F>(&self, pred: F) -> ChunkBy<'_, T, F>
where F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over the slice producing non-overlapping runs of elements using the predicate to separate them.

The predicate is called for every pair of consecutive elements, meaning that it is called on `slice[0]` and `slice[1]`, followed by `slice[1]` and `slice[2]`, and so on.

##### §Examples

    let slice = &[1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2];

    let mut iter = slice.chunk_by(|a, b| a == b);

    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[1, 1, 1][..]));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[3, 3][..]));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[2, 2, 2][..]));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

This method can be used to extract the sorted subslices:

    let slice = &[1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4];

    let mut iter = slice.chunk_by(|a, b| a <= b);

    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[1, 1, 2, 3][..]));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[2, 3][..]));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&[2, 3, 4][..]));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn split_at(&self, mid: usize) -> (&[T], &[T])

Divides one slice into two at an index.

The first will contain all indices from `[0, mid)` (excluding the index `mid` itself) and the second will contain all indices from `[mid, len)` (excluding the index `len` itself).

##### §Panics

Panics if `mid > len`. For a non-panicking alternative see `split_at_checked`.

##### §Examples

    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

    {
       let (left, right) = v.split_at(0);
       assert_eq!(left, []);
       assert_eq!(right, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
    }

    {
        let (left, right) = v.split_at(2);
        assert_eq!(left, [1, 2]);
        assert_eq!(right, [3, 4, 5, 6]);
    }

    {
        let (left, right) = v.split_at(6);
        assert_eq!(left, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
        assert_eq!(right, []);
    }

1.79.0 · source

#### pub unsafe fn split_at_unchecked(&self, mid: usize) -> (&[T], &[T])

Divides one slice into two at an index, without doing bounds checking.

The first will contain all indices from `[0, mid)` (excluding the index `mid` itself) and the second will contain all indices from `[mid, len)` (excluding the index `len` itself).

For a safe alternative see `split_at`.

##### §Safety

Calling this method with an out-of-bounds index is undefined behavior even if the resulting reference is not used. The caller has to ensure that `0 <= mid <= self.len()`.

##### §Examples

    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

    unsafe {
       let (left, right) = v.split_at_unchecked(0);
       assert_eq!(left, []);
       assert_eq!(right, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
    }

    unsafe {
        let (left, right) = v.split_at_unchecked(2);
        assert_eq!(left, [1, 2]);
        assert_eq!(right, [3, 4, 5, 6]);
    }

    unsafe {
        let (left, right) = v.split_at_unchecked(6);
        assert_eq!(left, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
        assert_eq!(right, []);
    }

1.80.0 · source

#### pub fn split_at_checked(&self, mid: usize) -> Option<(&[T], &[T])>

Divides one slice into two at an index, returning `None` if the slice is too short.

If `mid ≤ len` returns a pair of slices where the first will contain all indices from `[0, mid)` (excluding the index `mid` itself) and the second will contain all indices from `[mid, len)` (excluding the index `len` itself).

Otherwise, if `mid > len`, returns `None`.

##### §Examples

    let v = [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6];

    {
       let (left, right) = v.split_at_checked(0).unwrap();
       assert_eq!(left, []);
       assert_eq!(right, [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6]);
    }

    {
        let (left, right) = v.split_at_checked(2).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(left, [1, -2]);
        assert_eq!(right, [3, -4, 5, -6]);
    }

    {
        let (left, right) = v.split_at_checked(6).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(left, [1, -2, 3, -4, 5, -6]);
        assert_eq!(right, []);
    }

    assert_eq!(None, v.split_at_checked(7));

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn split<F>(&self, pred: F) -> Split<'_, T, F>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match `pred`. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

##### §Examples

    let slice = [10, 40, 33, 20];
    let mut iter = slice.split(|num| num % 3 == 0);

    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[20]);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If the first element is matched, an empty slice will be the first item returned by the iterator. Similarly, if the last element in the slice is matched, an empty slice will be the last item returned by the iterator:

    let slice = [10, 40, 33];
    let mut iter = slice.split(|num| num % 3 == 0);

    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[]);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If two matched elements are directly adjacent, an empty slice will be present between them:

    let slice = [10, 6, 33, 20];
    let mut iter = slice.split(|num| num % 3 == 0);

    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[20]);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

1.51.0 · source

#### pub fn split_inclusive<F>(&self, pred: F) -> SplitInclusive<'_, T, F>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match `pred`. The matched element is contained in the end of the previous subslice as a terminator.

##### §Examples

    let slice = [10, 40, 33, 20];
    let mut iter = slice.split_inclusive(|num| num % 3 == 0);

    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40, 33]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[20]);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

If the last element of the slice is matched, that element will be considered the terminator of the preceding slice. That slice will be the last item returned by the iterator.

    let slice = [3, 10, 40, 33];
    let mut iter = slice.split_inclusive(|num| num % 3 == 0);

    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[3]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[10, 40, 33]);
    assert!(iter.next().is_none());

1.27.0 · source

#### pub fn rsplit<F>(&self, pred: F) -> RSplit<'_, T, F>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match `pred`, starting at the end of the slice and working backwards. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

##### §Examples

    let slice = [11, 22, 33, 0, 44, 55];
    let mut iter = slice.rsplit(|num| *num == 0);

    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[44, 55]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next().unwrap(), &[11, 22, 33]);
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);

As with `split()`, if the first or last element is matched, an empty slice will be the first (or last) item returned by the iterator.

    let v = &[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
    let mut it = v.rsplit(|n| *n % 2 == 0);
    assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[]);
    assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[3, 5]);
    assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[1, 1]);
    assert_eq!(it.next().unwrap(), &[]);
    assert_eq!(it.next(), None);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn splitn<F>(&self, n: usize, pred: F) -> SplitN<'_, T, F>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match `pred`, limited to returning at most `n` items. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

The last element returned, if any, will contain the remainder of the slice.

##### §Examples

Print the slice split once by numbers divisible by 3 (i.e., `[10, 40]`, `[20, 60, 50]`):

    let v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

    for group in v.splitn(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
        println!("{group:?}");
    }

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn rsplitn<F>(&self, n: usize, pred: F) -> RSplitN<'_, T, F>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns an iterator over subslices separated by elements that match `pred` limited to returning at most `n` items. This starts at the end of the slice and works backwards. The matched element is not contained in the subslices.

The last element returned, if any, will contain the remainder of the slice.

##### §Examples

Print the slice split once, starting from the end, by numbers divisible by 3 (i.e., `[50]`, `[10, 40, 30, 20]`):

    let v = [10, 40, 30, 20, 60, 50];

    for group in v.rsplitn(2, |num| *num % 3 == 0) {
        println!("{group:?}");
    }

source

#### pub fn split_once<F>(&self, pred: F) -> Option<(&[T], &[T])>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`slice_split_once`)

Splits the slice on the first element that matches the specified predicate.

If any matching elements are present in the slice, returns the prefix before the match and suffix after. The matching element itself is not included. If no elements match, returns `None`.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(slice_split_once)]
    let s = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4];
    assert_eq!(s.split_once(|&x| x == 2), Some((
        &[1][..],
        &[3, 2, 4][..]
    )));
    assert_eq!(s.split_once(|&x| x == 0), None);

source

#### pub fn rsplit_once<F>(&self, pred: F) -> Option<(&[T], &[T])>
where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`slice_split_once`)

Splits the slice on the last element that matches the specified predicate.

If any matching elements are present in the slice, returns the prefix before the match and suffix after. The matching element itself is not included. If no elements match, returns `None`.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(slice_split_once)]
    let s = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4];
    assert_eq!(s.rsplit_once(|&x| x == 2), Some((
        &[1, 2, 3][..],
        &[4][..]
    )));
    assert_eq!(s.rsplit_once(|&x| x == 0), None);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn contains(&self, x: &T) -> bool
where T: PartialEq,

Returns `true` if the slice contains an element with the given value.

This operation is O(n).

Note that if you have a sorted slice, `binary_search` may be faster.

##### §Examples

    let v = [10, 40, 30];
    assert!(v.contains(&30));
    assert!(!v.contains(&50));

If you do not have a `&T`, but some other value that you can compare with one (for example, `String` implements `PartialEq<str>`), you can use `iter().any`:

    let v = [String::from("hello"), String::from("world")]; // slice of `String`
    assert!(v.iter().any(|e| e == "hello")); // search with `&str`
    assert!(!v.iter().any(|e| e == "hi"));

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn starts_with(&self, needle: &[T]) -> bool
where T: PartialEq,

Returns `true` if `needle` is a prefix of the slice or equal to the slice.

##### §Examples

    let v = [10, 40, 30];
    assert!(v.starts_with(&[10]));
    assert!(v.starts_with(&[10, 40]));
    assert!(v.starts_with(&v));
    assert!(!v.starts_with(&[50]));
    assert!(!v.starts_with(&[10, 50]));

Always returns `true` if `needle` is an empty slice:

    let v = &[10, 40, 30];
    assert!(v.starts_with(&[]));
    let v: &[u8] = &[];
    assert!(v.starts_with(&[]));

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn ends_with(&self, needle: &[T]) -> bool
where T: PartialEq,

Returns `true` if `needle` is a suffix of the slice or equal to the slice.

##### §Examples

    let v = [10, 40, 30];
    assert!(v.ends_with(&[30]));
    assert!(v.ends_with(&[40, 30]));
    assert!(v.ends_with(&v));
    assert!(!v.ends_with(&[50]));
    assert!(!v.ends_with(&[50, 30]));

Always returns `true` if `needle` is an empty slice:

    let v = &[10, 40, 30];
    assert!(v.ends_with(&[]));
    let v: &[u8] = &[];
    assert!(v.ends_with(&[]));

1.51.0 · source

#### pub fn strip_prefix<P>(&self, prefix: &P) -> Option<&[T]>
where P: SlicePattern<Item = T> + ?Sized, T: PartialEq,

Returns a subslice with the prefix removed.

If the slice starts with `prefix`, returns the subslice after the prefix, wrapped in `Some`. If `prefix` is empty, simply returns the original slice. If `prefix` is equal to the original slice, returns an empty slice.

If the slice does not start with `prefix`, returns `None`.

##### §Examples

    let v = &[10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10]), Some(&[40, 30][..]));
    assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10, 40]), Some(&[30][..]));
    assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10, 40, 30]), Some(&[][..]));
    assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[50]), None);
    assert_eq!(v.strip_prefix(&[10, 50]), None);

    let prefix : &str = "he";
    assert_eq!(b"hello".strip_prefix(prefix.as_bytes()),
               Some(b"llo".as_ref()));

1.51.0 · source

#### pub fn strip_suffix<P>(&self, suffix: &P) -> Option<&[T]>
where P: SlicePattern<Item = T> + ?Sized, T: PartialEq,

Returns a subslice with the suffix removed.

If the slice ends with `suffix`, returns the subslice before the suffix, wrapped in `Some`. If `suffix` is empty, simply returns the original slice. If `suffix` is equal to the original slice, returns an empty slice.

If the slice does not end with `suffix`, returns `None`.

##### §Examples

    let v = &[10, 40, 30];
    assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[30]), Some(&[10, 40][..]));
    assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[40, 30]), Some(&[10][..]));
    assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[10, 40, 30]), Some(&[][..]));
    assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[50]), None);
    assert_eq!(v.strip_suffix(&[50, 30]), None);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn binary_search(&self, x: &T) -> Result<usize, usize>
where T: Ord,

Binary searches this slice for a given element. If the slice is not sorted, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless.

If the value is found then `Result::Ok` is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. The index is chosen deterministically, but is subject to change in future versions of Rust. If the value is not found then `Result::Err` is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also `binary_search_by`, `binary_search_by_key`, and `partition_point`.

##### §Examples

Looks up a series of four elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in `[1, 4]`.

    let s = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];

    assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&13),  Ok(9));
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&4),   Err(7));
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&100), Err(13));
    let r = s.binary_search(&1);
    assert!(match r { Ok(1..=4) => true, _ => false, });

If you want to find that whole range of matching items, rather than an arbitrary matching one, that can be done using `partition_point`:

    let s = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];

    let low = s.partition_point(|x| x < &1);
    assert_eq!(low, 1);
    let high = s.partition_point(|x| x <= &1);
    assert_eq!(high, 5);
    let r = s.binary_search(&1);
    assert!((low..high).contains(&r.unwrap()));

    assert!(s[..low].iter().all(|&x| x < 1));
    assert!(s[low..high].iter().all(|&x| x == 1));
    assert!(s[high..].iter().all(|&x| x > 1));

    // For something not found, the "range" of equal items is empty
    assert_eq!(s.partition_point(|x| x < &11), 9);
    assert_eq!(s.partition_point(|x| x <= &11), 9);
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search(&11), Err(9));

If you want to insert an item to a sorted vector, while maintaining sort order, consider using `partition_point`:

    let mut s = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];
    let num = 42;
    let idx = s.partition_point(|&x| x <= num);
    // If `num` is unique, `s.partition_point(|&x| x < num)` (with `<`) is equivalent to
    // `s.binary_search(&num).unwrap_or_else(|x| x)`, but using `<=` will allow `insert`
    // to shift less elements.
    s.insert(idx, num);
    assert_eq!(s, [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 42, 55]);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn binary_search_by<'a, F>(&'a self, f: F) -> Result<usize, usize>
where F: FnMut(&'a T) -> Ordering,

Binary searches this slice with a comparator function.

The comparator function should return an order code that indicates whether its argument is `Less`, `Equal` or `Greater` the desired target. If the slice is not sorted or if the comparator function does not implement an order consistent with the sort order of the underlying slice, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless.

If the value is found then `Result::Ok` is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. The index is chosen deterministically, but is subject to change in future versions of Rust. If the value is not found then `Result::Err` is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also `binary_search`, `binary_search_by_key`, and `partition_point`.

##### §Examples

Looks up a series of four elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in `[1, 4]`.

    let s = [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];

    let seek = 13;
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek)), Ok(9));
    let seek = 4;
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek)), Err(7));
    let seek = 100;
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek)), Err(13));
    let seek = 1;
    let r = s.binary_search_by(|probe| probe.cmp(&seek));
    assert!(match r { Ok(1..=4) => true, _ => false, });

1.10.0 · source

#### pub fn binary_search_by_key<'a, B, F>( &'a self, b: &B, f: F, ) -> Result<usize, usize>
where F: FnMut(&'a T) -> B, B: Ord,

Binary searches this slice with a key extraction function.

Assumes that the slice is sorted by the key, for instance with `sort_by_key` using the same key extraction function. If the slice is not sorted by the key, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless.

If the value is found then `Result::Ok` is returned, containing the index of the matching element. If there are multiple matches, then any one of the matches could be returned. The index is chosen deterministically, but is subject to change in future versions of Rust. If the value is not found then `Result::Err` is returned, containing the index where a matching element could be inserted while maintaining sorted order.

See also `binary_search`, `binary_search_by`, and `partition_point`.

##### §Examples

Looks up a series of four elements in a slice of pairs sorted by their second elements. The first is found, with a uniquely determined position; the second and third are not found; the fourth could match any position in `[1, 4]`.

    let s = [(0, 0), (2, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (3, 1),
             (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5), (5, 8), (3, 13),
             (1, 21), (2, 34), (4, 55)];

    assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by_key(&13, |&(a, b)| b),  Ok(9));
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by_key(&4, |&(a, b)| b),   Err(7));
    assert_eq!(s.binary_search_by_key(&100, |&(a, b)| b), Err(13));
    let r = s.binary_search_by_key(&1, |&(a, b)| b);
    assert!(match r { Ok(1..=4) => true, _ => false, });

1.30.0 · source

#### pub unsafe fn align_to<U>(&self) -> (&[T], &[U], &[T])

Transmutes the slice to a slice of another type, ensuring alignment of the types is maintained.

This method splits the slice into three distinct slices: prefix, correctly aligned middle slice of a new type, and the suffix slice. The middle part will be as big as possible under the given alignment constraint and element size.

This method has no purpose when either input element `T` or output element `U` are zero-sized and will return the original slice without splitting anything.

##### §Safety

This method is essentially a `transmute` with respect to the elements in the returned middle slice, so all the usual caveats pertaining to `transmute::<T, U>` also apply here.

##### §Examples

Basic usage:

    unsafe {
        let bytes: [u8; 7] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
        let (prefix, shorts, suffix) = bytes.align_to::<u16>();
        // less_efficient_algorithm_for_bytes(prefix);
        // more_efficient_algorithm_for_aligned_shorts(shorts);
        // less_efficient_algorithm_for_bytes(suffix);
    }

source

#### pub fn as_simd<const LANES: usize>(&self) -> (&[T], &[Simd<T, LANES>], &[T])
where Simd<T, LANES>: AsRef<[T; LANES]>, T: SimdElement, LaneCount<LANES>: SupportedLaneCount,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`portable_simd`)

Splits a slice into a prefix, a middle of aligned SIMD types, and a suffix.

This is a safe wrapper around `slice::align_to`, so inherits the same guarantees as that method.

##### §Panics

This will panic if the size of the SIMD type is different from `LANES` times that of the scalar.

At the time of writing, the trait restrictions on `Simd<T, LANES>` keeps that from ever happening, as only power-of-two numbers of lanes are supported. It’s possible that, in the future, those restrictions might be lifted in a way that would make it possible to see panics from this method for something like `LANES == 3`.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(portable_simd)]
    use core::simd::prelude::*;

    let short = &[1, 2, 3];
    let (prefix, middle, suffix) = short.as_simd::<4>();
    assert_eq!(middle, []); // Not enough elements for anything in the middle

    // They might be split in any possible way between prefix and suffix
    let it = prefix.iter().chain(suffix).copied();
    assert_eq!(it.collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![1, 2, 3]);

    fn basic_simd_sum(x: &[f32]) -> f32 {
        use std::ops::Add;
        let (prefix, middle, suffix) = x.as_simd();
        let sums = f32x4::from_array([
            prefix.iter().copied().sum(),
            0.0,
            0.0,
            suffix.iter().copied().sum(),
        ]);
        let sums = middle.iter().copied().fold(sums, f32x4::add);
        sums.reduce_sum()
    }

    let numbers: Vec<f32> = (1..101).map(|x| x as _).collect();
    assert_eq!(basic_simd_sum(&numbers[1..99]), 4949.0);

1.82.0 · source

#### pub fn is_sorted(&self) -> bool
where T: PartialOrd,

Checks if the elements of this slice are sorted.

That is, for each element `a` and its following element `b`, `a <= b` must hold. If the slice yields exactly zero or one element, `true` is returned.

Note that if `Self::Item` is only `PartialOrd`, but not `Ord`, the above definition implies that this function returns `false` if any two consecutive items are not comparable.

##### §Examples

    let empty: [i32; 0] = [];

    assert!([1, 2, 2, 9].is_sorted());
    assert!(![1, 3, 2, 4].is_sorted());
    assert!([0].is_sorted());
    assert!(empty.is_sorted());
    assert!(![0.0, 1.0, f32::NAN].is_sorted());

1.82.0 · source

#### pub fn is_sorted_by<'a, F>(&'a self, compare: F) -> bool
where F: FnMut(&'a T, &'a T) -> bool,

Checks if the elements of this slice are sorted using the given comparator function.

Instead of using `PartialOrd::partial_cmp`, this function uses the given `compare` function to determine whether two elements are to be considered in sorted order.

##### §Examples

    assert!([1, 2, 2, 9].is_sorted_by(|a, b| a <= b));
    assert!(![1, 2, 2, 9].is_sorted_by(|a, b| a < b));

    assert!([0].is_sorted_by(|a, b| true));
    assert!([0].is_sorted_by(|a, b| false));

    let empty: [i32; 0] = [];
    assert!(empty.is_sorted_by(|a, b| false));
    assert!(empty.is_sorted_by(|a, b| true));

1.82.0 · source

#### pub fn is_sorted_by_key<'a, F, K>(&'a self, f: F) -> bool
where F: FnMut(&'a T) -> K, K: PartialOrd,

Checks if the elements of this slice are sorted using the given key extraction function.

Instead of comparing the slice’s elements directly, this function compares the keys of the elements, as determined by `f`. Apart from that, it’s equivalent to `is_sorted`; see its documentation for more information.

##### §Examples

    assert!(["c", "bb", "aaa"].is_sorted_by_key(|s| s.len()));
    assert!(![-2i32, -1, 0, 3].is_sorted_by_key(|n| n.abs()));

1.52.0 · source

#### pub fn partition_point<P>(&self, pred: P) -> usize
where P: FnMut(&T) -> bool,

Returns the index of the partition point according to the given predicate (the index of the first element of the second partition).

The slice is assumed to be partitioned according to the given predicate. This means that all elements for which the predicate returns true are at the start of the slice and all elements for which the predicate returns false are at the end. For example, `[7, 15, 3, 5, 4, 12, 6]` is partitioned under the predicate `x % 2 != 0` (all odd numbers are at the start, all even at the end).

If this slice is not partitioned, the returned result is unspecified and meaningless, as this method performs a kind of binary search.

See also `binary_search`, `binary_search_by`, and `binary_search_by_key`.

##### §Examples

    let v = [1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7];
    let i = v.partition_point(|&x| x < 5);

    assert_eq!(i, 4);
    assert!(v[..i].iter().all(|&x| x < 5));
    assert!(v[i..].iter().all(|&x| !(x < 5)));

If all elements of the slice match the predicate, including if the slice is empty, then the length of the slice will be returned:

    let a = [2, 4, 8];
    assert_eq!(a.partition_point(|x| x < &100), a.len());
    let a: [i32; 0] = [];
    assert_eq!(a.partition_point(|x| x < &100), 0);

If you want to insert an item to a sorted vector, while maintaining sort order:

    let mut s = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55];
    let num = 42;
    let idx = s.partition_point(|&x| x <= num);
    s.insert(idx, num);
    assert_eq!(s, [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 42, 55]);

source

#### pub fn elem_offset(&self, element: &T) -> Option<usize>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`substr_range`)

Returns the index that an element reference points to.

Returns `None` if `element` does not point within the slice or if it points between elements.

This method is useful for extending slice iterators like `slice::split`.

Note that this uses pointer arithmetic and does not compare elements. To find the index of an element via comparison, use `.iter().position()` instead.

##### §Panics

Panics if `T` is zero-sized.

##### §Examples

Basic usage:

    #![feature(substr_range)]

    let nums: &[u32] = &[1, 7, 1, 1];
    let num = &nums[2];

    assert_eq!(num, &1);
    assert_eq!(nums.elem_offset(num), Some(2));

Returning `None` with an in-between element:

    #![feature(substr_range)]

    let arr: &[[u32; 2]] = &[[0, 1], [2, 3]];
    let flat_arr: &[u32] = arr.as_flattened();

    let ok_elm: &[u32; 2] = flat_arr[0..2].try_into().unwrap();
    let weird_elm: &[u32; 2] = flat_arr[1..3].try_into().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(ok_elm, &[0, 1]);
    assert_eq!(weird_elm, &[1, 2]);

    assert_eq!(arr.elem_offset(ok_elm), Some(0)); // Points to element 0
    assert_eq!(arr.elem_offset(weird_elm), None); // Points between element 0 and 1

source

#### pub fn subslice_range(&self, subslice: &[T]) -> Option<Range<usize>>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`substr_range`)

Returns the range of indices that a subslice points to.

Returns `None` if `subslice` does not point within the slice or if it points between elements.

This method does not compare elements. Instead, this method finds the location in the slice that `subslice` was obtained from. To find the index of a subslice via comparison, instead use `.windows()` `.position()`.

This method is useful for extending slice iterators like `slice::split`.

Note that this may return a false positive (either `Some(0..0)` or `Some(self.len()..self.len())`) if `subslice` has a length of zero and points to the beginning or end of another, separate, slice.

##### §Panics

Panics if `T` is zero-sized.

##### §Examples

Basic usage:

    #![feature(substr_range)]

    let nums = &[0, 5, 10, 0, 0, 5];

    let mut iter = nums
        .split(|t| *t == 0)
        .map(|n| nums.subslice_range(n).unwrap());

    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(0..0));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(1..3));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(4..4));
    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(5..6));

1.80.0 · source

#### pub fn as_flattened(&self) -> &[T]

Takes a `&[[T; N]]`, and flattens it to a `&[T]`.

##### §Panics

This panics if the length of the resulting slice would overflow a `usize`.

This is only possible when flattening a slice of arrays of zero-sized types, and thus tends to be irrelevant in practice. If `size_of::<T>() > 0`, this will never panic.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].as_flattened(), &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

    assert_eq!(
        [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]].as_flattened(),
        [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]].as_flattened(),
    );

    let slice_of_empty_arrays: &[[i32; 0]] = &[[], [], [], [], []];
    assert!(slice_of_empty_arrays.as_flattened().is_empty());

    let empty_slice_of_arrays: &[[u32; 10]] = &[];
    assert!(empty_slice_of_arrays.as_flattened().is_empty());

1.79.0 · source

#### pub fn utf8_chunks(&self) -> Utf8Chunks<'_>

Creates an iterator over the contiguous valid UTF-8 ranges of this slice, and the non-UTF-8 fragments in between.

##### §Examples

This function formats arbitrary but mostly-UTF-8 bytes into Rust source code in the form of a C-string literal (`c"..."`).

    use std::fmt::Write as _;

    pub fn cstr_literal(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
        let mut repr = String::new();
        repr.push_str("c\"");
        for chunk in bytes.utf8_chunks() {
            for ch in chunk.valid().chars() {
                // Escapes \0, \t, \r, \n, \\, \', \", and uses \u{...} for non-printable characters.
                write!(repr, "{}", ch.escape_debug()).unwrap();
            }
            for byte in chunk.invalid() {
                write!(repr, "\\x{:02X}", byte).unwrap();
            }
        }
        repr.push('"');
        repr
    }

    fn main() {
        let lit = cstr_literal(b"\xferris the \xf0\x9f\xa6\x80\x07");
        let expected = stringify!(c"\xFErris the 🦀\u{7}");
        assert_eq!(lit, expected);
    }

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<T>
where T: Clone,

Copies `self` into a new `Vec`.

##### §Examples

    let s = [10, 40, 30];
    let x = s.to_vec();
    // Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.

source

#### pub fn to_vec_in<A>(&self, alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A>
where A: Allocator, T: Clone,

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`allocator_api`)

Copies `self` into a new `Vec` with an allocator.

##### §Examples

    #![feature(allocator_api)]

    use std::alloc::System;

    let s = [10, 40, 30];
    let x = s.to_vec_in(System);
    // Here, `s` and `x` can be modified independently.

1.40.0 · source

#### pub fn repeat(&self, n: usize) -> Vec<T>
where T: Copy,

Creates a vector by copying a slice `n` times.

##### §Panics

This function will panic if the capacity would overflow.

##### §Examples

Basic usage:

    assert_eq!([1, 2].repeat(3), vec![1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]);

A panic upon overflow:

ⓘ

    // this will panic at runtime
    b"0123456789abcdef".repeat(usize::MAX);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn concat<Item>(&self) -> <[T] as Concat<Item>>::Output ⓘ
where [T]: Concat<Item>, Item: ?Sized,

Flattens a slice of `T` into a single value `Self::Output`.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].concat(), "helloworld");
    assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].concat(), [1, 2, 3, 4]);

1.3.0 · source

#### pub fn join<Separator>( &self, sep: Separator, ) -> <[T] as Join<Separator>>::Output ⓘ
where [T]: Join<Separator>,

Flattens a slice of `T` into a single value `Self::Output`, placing a given separator between each.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].join(" "), "hello world");
    assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].join(&0), [1, 2, 0, 3, 4]);
    assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].join(&[0, 0][..]), [1, 2, 0, 0, 3, 4]);

1.0.0 · source

#### pub fn connect<Separator>( &self, sep: Separator, ) -> <[T] as Join<Separator>>::Output ⓘ
where [T]: Join<Separator>,

👎Deprecated since 1.3.0: renamed to join

Flattens a slice of `T` into a single value `Self::Output`, placing a given separator between each.

##### §Examples

    assert_eq!(["hello", "world"].connect(" "), "hello world");
    assert_eq!([[1, 2], [3, 4]].connect(&0), [1, 2, 0, 3, 4]);

1.23.0 · source

#### pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Vec<u8>

Returns a vector containing a copy of this slice where each byte is mapped to its ASCII upper case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘a’ to ‘z’ are mapped to ‘A’ to ‘Z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To uppercase the value in-place, use `make_ascii_uppercase`.

1.23.0 · source

#### pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Vec<u8>

Returns a vector containing a copy of this slice where each byte is mapped to its ASCII lower case equivalent.

ASCII letters ‘A’ to ‘Z’ are mapped to ‘a’ to ‘z’, but non-ASCII letters are unchanged.

To lowercase the value in-place, use `make_ascii_lowercase`.

## Trait Implementations§

source §

### impl AsRef<[u8]> for Bytes

source §

#### fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.
source §

### impl Borrow<[u8]> for Bytes

source §

#### fn borrow(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
source §

### impl Buf for Bytes

source §

#### fn remaining(&self) -> usize

Returns the number of bytes between the current position and the end of the buffer. Read more
source §

#### fn chunk(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Returns a slice starting at the current position and of length between 0 and `Buf::remaining()`. Note that this can return a shorter slice (this allows non-continuous internal representation). Read more
source §

#### fn advance(&mut self, cnt: usize)

Advance the internal cursor of the Buf Read more
source §

#### fn copy_to_bytes(&mut self, len: usize) -> Self

Consumes `len` bytes inside self and returns new instance of `Bytes` with this data. Read more
source §

#### fn chunks_vectored<'a>(&'a self, dst: &mut [IoSlice<'a>]) -> usize

Available on crate feature `std` only.
Fills `dst` with potentially multiple slices starting at `self`’s current position. Read more
source §

#### fn has_remaining(&self) -> bool

Returns true if there are any more bytes to consume Read more
source §

#### fn copy_to_slice(&mut self, dst: &mut [u8])

Copies bytes from `self` into `dst`. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u8(&mut self) -> u8

Gets an unsigned 8 bit integer from `self`. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i8(&mut self) -> i8

Gets a signed 8 bit integer from `self`. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u16(&mut self) -> u16

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u16_le(&mut self) -> u16

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u16_ne(&mut self) -> u16

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i16(&mut self) -> i16

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i16_le(&mut self) -> i16

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i16_ne(&mut self) -> i16

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u32(&mut self) -> u32

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from `self` in the big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u32_le(&mut self) -> u32

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from `self` in the little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u32_ne(&mut self) -> u32

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i32(&mut self) -> i32

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i32_le(&mut self) -> i32

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i32_ne(&mut self) -> i32

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u64(&mut self) -> u64

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u64_le(&mut self) -> u64

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u64_ne(&mut self) -> u64

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i64(&mut self) -> i64

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i64_le(&mut self) -> i64

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i64_ne(&mut self) -> i64

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u128(&mut self) -> u128

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u128_le(&mut self) -> u128

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_u128_ne(&mut self) -> u128

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i128(&mut self) -> i128

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i128_le(&mut self) -> i128

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_i128_ne(&mut self) -> i128

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_uint(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> u64

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_uint_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> u64

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_uint_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> u64

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_int(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> i64

Gets a signed n-byte integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_int_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> i64

Gets a signed n-byte integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_int_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> i64

Gets a signed n-byte integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_f32(&mut self) -> f32

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_f32_le(&mut self) -> f32

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_f32_ne(&mut self) -> f32

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_f64(&mut self) -> f64

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_f64_le(&mut self) -> f64

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn get_f64_ne(&mut self) -> f64

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_copy_to_slice(&mut self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), TryGetError>

Copies bytes from `self` into `dst`. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 8 bit integer from `self`. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i8(&mut self) -> Result<i8, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 8 bit integer from `self`. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u16(&mut self) -> Result<u16, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u16_le(&mut self) -> Result<u16, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u16_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u16, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 16 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i16(&mut self) -> Result<i16, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i16_le(&mut self) -> Result<i16, TryGetError>

Gets an signed 16 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i16_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i16, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 16 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u32(&mut self) -> Result<u32, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u32_le(&mut self) -> Result<u32, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u32_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u32, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 32 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i32(&mut self) -> Result<i32, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i32_le(&mut self) -> Result<i32, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i32_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i32, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 32 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u64(&mut self) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u64_le(&mut self) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u64_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 64 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i64(&mut self) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i64_le(&mut self) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i64_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 64 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u128(&mut self) -> Result<u128, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u128_le(&mut self) -> Result<u128, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_u128_ne(&mut self) -> Result<u128, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned 128 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i128(&mut self) -> Result<i128, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i128_le(&mut self) -> Result<i128, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_i128_ne(&mut self) -> Result<i128, TryGetError>

Gets a signed 128 bit integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_uint(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_uint_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_uint_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<u64, TryGetError>

Gets an unsigned n-byte integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_int(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed n-byte integer from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_int_le(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed n-byte integer from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_int_ne(&mut self, nbytes: usize) -> Result<i64, TryGetError>

Gets a signed n-byte integer from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_f32(&mut self) -> Result<f32, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_f32_le(&mut self) -> Result<f32, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_f32_ne(&mut self) -> Result<f32, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 single-precision (4 bytes) floating point number from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_f64(&mut self) -> Result<f64, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from `self` in big-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_f64_le(&mut self) -> Result<f64, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from `self` in little-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn try_get_f64_ne(&mut self) -> Result<f64, TryGetError>

Gets an IEEE754 double-precision (8 bytes) floating point number from `self` in native-endian byte order. Read more
source §

#### fn take(self, limit: usize) -> Take<Self>
where Self: Sized,

Creates an adaptor which will read at most `limit` bytes from `self`. Read more
source §

#### fn chain<U: Buf>(self, next: U) -> Chain<Self, U>
where Self: Sized,

Creates an adaptor which will chain this buffer with another. Read more
source §

#### fn reader(self) -> Reader<Self> ⓘ
where Self: Sized,

Available on crate feature `std` only.
Creates an adaptor which implements the `Read` trait for `self`. Read more
source §

### impl Clone for Bytes

source §

#### fn clone(&self) -> Bytes

Returns a copy of the value. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from `source`. Read more
source §

### impl Debug for Bytes

source §

#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
source §

### impl Default for Bytes

source §

#### fn default() -> Bytes

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more
source §

### impl Deref for Bytes

source §

#### type Target = [u8]

The resulting type after dereferencing.
source §

#### fn deref(&self) -> &[u8] ⓘ

Dereferences the value.
source §

### impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Bytes

source §

#### fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Bytes, D::Error>
where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer. Read more
source §

### impl Drop for Bytes

source §

#### fn drop(&mut self)

Executes the destructor for this type. Read more
source §

### impl Extend<Bytes> for BytesMut

source §

#### fn extend<T>(&mut self, iter: T)
where T: IntoIterator<Item = Bytes>,

Extends a collection with the contents of an iterator. Read more
source §

#### fn extend_one(&mut self, item: A)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`extend_one`)
Extends a collection with exactly one element.
source §

#### fn extend_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`extend_one`)
Reserves capacity in a collection for the given number of additional elements. Read more
source §

### impl From<&'static [u8]> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from(slice: &'static [u8]) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl From<&'static str> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from(slice: &'static str) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl From<Box<[u8]>> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from(slice: Box<[u8]>) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl From<Bytes> for BytesMut

source §

#### fn from(bytes: Bytes) -> Self

Convert self into `BytesMut`.

If `bytes` is unique for the entire original buffer, this will return a `BytesMut` with the contents of `bytes` without copying. If `bytes` is not unique for the entire original buffer, this will make a copy of `bytes` subset of the original buffer in a new `BytesMut`.

##### §Examples

    use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};

    let bytes = Bytes::from(b"hello".to_vec());
    assert_eq!(BytesMut::from(bytes), BytesMut::from(&b"hello"[..]));

source §

### impl From<Bytes> for Vec<u8>

source §

#### fn from(bytes: Bytes) -> Vec<u8>

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl From<BytesMut> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from(src: BytesMut) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl From<String> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from(s: String) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl From<Vec<u8>> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from(vec: Vec<u8>) -> Bytes

Converts to this type from the input type.
source §

### impl FromIterator<u8> for Bytes

source §

#### fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = u8>>(into_iter: T) -> Self

Creates a value from an iterator. Read more
source §

### impl Hash for Bytes

source §

#### fn hash<H>(&self, state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher,

Feeds this value into the given `Hasher`. Read more
1.3.0 · source §

#### fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H)
where H: Hasher, Self: Sized,

Feeds a slice of this type into the given `Hasher`. Read more
source §

### impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a Bytes

source §

#### type Item = &'a u8

The type of the elements being iterated over.
source §

#### type IntoIter = Iter<'a, u8>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?
source §

#### fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter

Creates an iterator from a value. Read more
source §

### impl IntoIterator for Bytes

source §

#### type Item = u8

The type of the elements being iterated over.
source §

#### type IntoIter = IntoIter<Bytes>

Which kind of iterator are we turning this into?
source §

#### fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter

Creates an iterator from a value. Read more
source §

### impl LowerHex for Bytes

source §

#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
source §

### impl Ord for Bytes

source §

#### fn cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Ordering

This method returns an `Ordering` between `self` and `other`. Read more
1.21.0 · source §

#### fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more
1.21.0 · source §

#### fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more
1.50.0 · source §

#### fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized + PartialOrd,

Restrict a value to a certain interval. Read more
source §

### impl<'a, T: ?Sized> PartialEq<&'a T> for Bytes
where Bytes: PartialEq<T>,

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &&'a T) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<[u8]> for Bytes

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &[u8]) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for &[u8]

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for &str

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for [u8]

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for BytesMut

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for String

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for Vec<u8>

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Bytes> for str

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<BytesMut> for Bytes

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &BytesMut) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<String> for Bytes

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &String) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<Vec<u8>> for Bytes

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Vec<u8>) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq<str> for Bytes

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl PartialEq for Bytes

source §

#### fn eq(&self, other: &Bytes) -> bool

Tests for `self` and `other` values to be equal, and is used by `==`.
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for `!=`. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
source §

### impl<'a, T: ?Sized> PartialOrd<&'a T> for Bytes
where Bytes: PartialOrd<T>,

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &&'a T) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<[u8]> for Bytes

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &[u8]) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for &[u8]

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for &str

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for [u8]

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for String

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for Vec<u8>

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Bytes> for str

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<String> for Bytes

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &String) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<Vec<u8>> for Bytes

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Vec<u8>) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd<str> for Bytes

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &str) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl PartialOrd for Bytes

source §

#### fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Bytes) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between `self` and `other` values if one exists. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `<=` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>` operator. Read more
1.0.0 · source §

#### fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for `self` and `other`) and is used by the `>=` operator. Read more
source §

### impl Serialize for Bytes

source §

#### fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
where S: Serializer,

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer. Read more
source §

### impl UpperHex for Bytes

source §

#### fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
source §

### impl Eq for Bytes

source §

### impl Send for Bytes

source §

### impl Sync for Bytes

## Auto Trait Implementations§

§

### impl !Freeze for Bytes

§

### impl RefUnwindSafe for Bytes

§

### impl Unpin for Bytes

§

### impl UnwindSafe for Bytes

## Blanket Implementations§

source §

### impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

source §

#### fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the `TypeId` of `self`. Read more
source §

### impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

source §

#### fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
source §

### impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

source §

#### fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
source §

### impl<T> CloneToUninit for T
where T: Clone,

source §

#### unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dst: *mut T)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (`clone_to_uninit`)
Performs copy-assignment from `self` to `dst`. Read more
source §

### impl<T> From<T> for T

source §

#### fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

source §

### impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

source §

#### fn into(self) -> U

Calls `U::from(self)`.

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of `From<T> for U` chooses to do.

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### impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

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#### type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
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#### fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
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#### fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
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### impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

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#### type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

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#### type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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#### fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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### impl<T> DeserializeOwned for T
where T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>,